"Сказочный край": родовые поместья как место утопии и эксперимента
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2023-8-4-121-136Ключевые слова:
родовые поместья, экопоселение, "Звенящие кедры", идейные сообщества, лидерство, утопия, эксперимент, община, нью-эйдж, "сделай сам"Аннотация
В центре внимания статьи находятся родовые поместья - участки земли не менее одного гектара, которые стали так называться с начала 2000-х годов, после выхода в свет серии книг Владимира Мегре «Звенящие кедры России». Мегре описал историю своего знакомства с сибирской отшельницей Анастасией и ее ностальгические рассказы о родовых поселениях Ведической Руси. Читатели, вдохновленные повествованием о «золотом веке», принялись воссоздавать эту утопию в разных регионах России - сегодня существует более 500 таких поселений. Родовое поместье чаще всего обустраивается на земле сельскохозяйственного назначения и требует создания всей инфраструктуры, поэтому среди участников ценятся практические навыки, технические знания и креативность. Во многом такие поселения следуют мировой тенденции экопоселений, которые считаются лабораторией устойчивого развития, автономности, гармоничного сосуществования человека и природы, а также уделяют немалое внимание духовному развитию и целительству. В статье показано, как экономический и идеологический кризис 1990-х годов повлиял на расцвет альтернативных учений и подпитывал энтузиазм строителей светлого будущего. В то же время отмечается, что многие активные участники первых экопоселений и родовых поместий были ориентированы на советский дискурс, в частности, подчеркивали значимость советской морали и творческой самодеятельности. Статья основана на полевых материалах, собранных в 2008-2021 годы в поселениях родовых поместий и на встречах анастасийцев, а также на Интернет-источниках.Библиографические ссылки
Andelson J. G. (2002) Coming together and breaking apart: Sociogenesis and Schismogenesis in intentional communities.Intentional Community: An Anthropological Perspective. (S. L. Brown Ed.), State University of New York Press, pp. 131-151.
Andreeva J. O. (2012) Issues of power and self-government in the religious movement ‘Anastasia': Ideal images of kin's domain settlements and ideas of ‘dreams coming true'. Anthropological Forum, no 17, pp. 101-128. (In Russian)
Andreeva J. (2021) Traditions and the imagined past in the Russian Anastasian intentional communities. Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics, vol. 15, no 2, pp. 25-42.
Bolotova A. A. (2002) New cultural codes in contemporary Russia. Ecological settlements: Between the city and the village. Journal of Sociology and Social Anthropology, vol. 5, no 1, pp. 43-69. (In Russian)
Brednikova O. (2013). Is the village dead? Long live the village (once again on differences between the city and the village). Far from Cities. Life of the Post-Soviet Village. (E. Bogdanova, O. Brednikova Eds.), Saint Petersburg: Alethea, pp. 28-59. (In Russian)
Brown S. (2002) Introduction.Intentional Community: An Anthropological Perspective. (S. L. Brown Ed.), State University of New York Press, pp. 1-15.
Davidov V. (2015) Beyond formal environmentalism: Eco-nationalism and the ‘ringing cedars' of Russia. Culture, Agriculture, Food and Environment, vol. 37, no 1, pp. 2-13.
Farkas J. (2017) ‘Very little heroes': History and roots of the ecovillage movement. Acta Ethnographica Hungarica, vol. 62, no 1, pp. 69-87.
Fedotova S. (2018) Fedor and Elena Lazutins. URL: http://kovcheg-village.ru/novosti/fyo-dor-i-elena-lazutiny. (In Russian)
Golubev A., Smolyak O. (2013) Making selves through making things: Soviet do-it-your-self culture and practices of late Soviet subjectivation. Cahiers du Monde Russe, vol. 54, no 3-4, pp. 517-542.
Gordeeva I. A. (2003) ‘Forgotten People'. History of the Russian Communitarian Movement, Moscow: AIRO-HH. (In Russian)
Horáková H. (2018) Modern rurality, neoliberalism, and utopias: The anthropologist's account. Utopia and Neoliberalism: Ethnographies of Rural Spaces. (H. Horáková, Boscoboinik, R. Smith Eds.), Münster: LIT Verlag, pp. 9-44.
Ivanova O. (2021) Interaction of the state and the ‘Ringing Cedars of Russia' movement. From Kin's Domains to the Far Eastern Hectare: Non-Trivial Issues of Public Administration and Municipal Government, Moscow: Khamovniki, Common Place, pp. 12-52. (In Russian)
Kasatkina A. K. (2019) Dacha's Conversations as an Object of Reactive Research: A Method for Development (based on the interviews with gardening communities' participants in the 1980s - 1990s) (PhD Thesis), Saint Petersburg: Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography of RAS. (In Russian)
Konakov A. (2022) Shrinking World: History of the ‘Incredible' in the Late USSR, Moscow: Garazh. (In Russian)
Liftin K. (2012) A whole new way of life: Ecovillages and revitalization of deep community. The Localization Reader: Adapting to the Coming Downshift. R. D. Young, T. Princen (Eds.), Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 129-140.
Mardache A. C. (2016) Intentional communities in Romania. Story of their beginnings. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Braşov. Series VII: Social Sciences, Law, vol. 9, no 2, pp. 97-104.
Megre V. N. (2002) The Book of Kin, Moscow-Saint Petersburg: Dilya. (In Russian)
Megre V. N. (2005) Co-Creation. Book 4, Saint Petersburg: Dilya. (In Russian)
Meijering L. (2012) Ideals and practices of European ecovillages. RCC Perspectives, no. 8: Realizing Utopia: Ecovillage Endeavors and Academic Approaches, pp. 31-42.
Melnikova E. A. (2020) Biographies of those moving from the city to the village, and the rhetoric of self-transformation in contemporary Russia. Ethnographic Review, no 6, pp. 88-105. (In Russian)
Miller T. (2016) Intentional communities: The evolution of enacted utopianism. Revisionism and Diversification in New Religious Movements. (E. Barker Ed.), London-New York: Routledge, pp. 213-226.
Mitrokhin N. (2020) Soviet intelligentsia in search of a miracle: Religiosity and parascience in the USSR in 1953-1985. New Literary Observer, no 3, pp. 51-78. (In Russian)
Panchenko A. A. (2003) Utopia of the ‘Last Testament'.Russian Notes, no 3, pp. 314-322. (In Russian)
Panchenko A. A. (2013) Money, egoism and the end of the world: ‘Spiritual economy' of new religious movements. Fetish and Taboo: Russian Anthropology of Money. (A. Arkhipova, J. Fruchtmann Eds.), Moscow: OGI, pp. 468-482. (In Russian)
Polsky I. (2022) The Man Who Overtook Time, Moscow: AREP. (In Russian)
Pozanenko A. A. (2020) Factors determining success of kin's domain settlements. ECO, no 2, pp. 143-157. (In Russian)
Pozanenko N. N., Pozanenko A. A. (2021) Two teachings, two ways of life: Anastasian and Roerich settlers in rural areas. Bulletin of the Tomsk University. Philosophy. Sociology. Political Science, vol. 64, pp. 163-171. (In Russian)
Pranskevičiūtė-Amoson R. (2018) Negotiation of the prehistoric past for the creation of the global future: ‘Back to nature' worldview and the golden age myth among Lithuanian Anastasians.International Journal for the Study of New Religions, vol. 9, no 2, pp. 285-302.
Sallustio M. (2021) Nostalgic confessions in the French Cévennes: Politics of longing in the neo-peasant initiatives. Ecological Nostalgias: Memory, Affect and Creativity in Times of Ecological Upheavals. (O. Angé, D. Berliner Eds.), New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 60-83.
Sokolov M. (Ed.) (2004) Ecovillages in Russia and the USA, vol. 10, Saint Petersburg: Center for Independent Sociological Studies. (In Russian)
Sutcliffe S. (2000) A colony of seekers: Findhorn in the 1990s. Journal of Contemporary Religion, vol. 15, no 2, pp. 215-231.
Urbańczyk J. (2017) ‘‘What if it is actually true?'': Vissarion's followers from Eastern Europe and their path to the Last Testament church community in Siberia. Nova Religio, vol. 20, no 3, pp. 74-100.
Vasilyeva Z. (2012) Do-it-yourself practices and technical knowledge in late Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia. Tsantsa, no 17, pp. 28-32.
Vilkov D. (2021) Self-organization in kin's domain settlements as a substitute for official power. From Kin's Domains to the Far Eastern Hectare: Non-Trivial Issues of Public Administration and Municipal Government, Moscow: Khamovniki, Common Place, pp. 128-161. (In Russian)
Zadorin I. V., Maltseva D. V., Khomyakova A. P., Shubina L. V. (2014) Alternative rural settlements in Russia: Spontaneous internal migration or deliberate transfer to the future, Labyrinth, no 2, pp. 64-77. (In Russian)
